Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Discussion - Assignment Example It was conducted in a very harsh and cruel way not caring on the way it would influence the operations of the firm (Ivancevich, John M., Robert Konopaske, and Michael T. Matteson 2011). Operations in the military air force are not so political since they are rational and geared towards meeting the objectives of the organization since the operations of the firms are largely partially independent. Commandants and supervisors employ the evaluation in a way that the employees are not aware of any negativity. Managers and supervisors in the verge of making efforts to improve on productivity to improve performance and productivity in terms of productivity and growth are advised to always embrace the use of the tools such as rewarding jobs well done. A reward motivates and allows employees to improve on their effectiveness and efficiency. They as well make external employees to want to join the organization in which such measure are employed making the organization have access to a large pool of labor force. Rewards both intrinsic and extrinsic well applied has effected a realization of job satisfaction, which is supportive to welfare of the general employee fraternity (Ivancevich, John M., Robert Konopaske, and Michael T. Matteson 2011). When a country is faced with external attacks and the military is engaged in defending the country. Collective and individual rewards to the officer, who ranges from appreciation from the citizen, monetary rewards by the employer. Others such as leave after hard work and finally promotion of the officers engaged depending on the performance of each would realize rejuvenated efforts after the reward are implemented

Law and Politics Essay Example for Free

Law and Politics Essay Murphy and selected internet and electronic readings Some journal articles will need to be accessed through the UVU Library Journal database. If the below links to internet sources do not work, you should first search Google for alternative links. If you are still unsuccessful, then contact Dr. Griffin. ? This schedule is only â€Å"tentative† and subject to change by verbal or written notification – stay tuned! _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Jan 8, 10 Introduction Introduction to course review of syllabus The Nature and Prominent Theories of Law (M) 3-12 William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England in Four Books, 2 vols. , pp. 39-62 Introduction, Section II, â€Å"Of The Nature of Laws in General,† pp. 39-47 (scroll down). http://oll. libertyfund. org/? option=com_staticxtstaticfile=show. php%3Ftitle=2140chapter=198645layout=htmlItemid=27 ? ? ? Charles Grove Haines, A Survey of the Development of Natural law Doctrines, 1930 Chapter 1 Ancient and Medieval Natural Law Theories, http://www. constitution. org/haines/haines_001. htm King, Martin Luther Jr. Letter from the Birmingham Jail. In Why We Cant Wait, ed. Martin Luther King, Jr. , 1963. http://www. stanford. edu/group/King/liberation_curriculum/pdfs/letterfrombirmingham_wwcw. pdf Herbert Spiegelberg, Justice Presupposes Natural Law, pp. 343-348 http://www. jstor. org/sici? sici=0014-1704(193904)49%3A3%3C343%3AJPNL%3E2. 0. CO%3B2-6 Jan 15 Origins and Roles of Courts and Judges (M) 13-20, 22-46 Martin Shapiro, â€Å"The Logic of The Triad. † (UVU Canvas) John Underwood Lewis, Sir Edward Coke (1552-1564): His Theory of â€Å"Artificial Reason† as a Context for Modern Basic Legal Theory. (UVU Canvas) James Wilson, The Works of James Wilson, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court , Vol. 2, Chapter IV, â€Å"Of the Nature of Courts,† pp. 287-299. http://books. google. com/books? id=lIs0AAAAMAAJ;pg=PA1;dq=James+Wilson,+The+Works+of+James+Wilson,+volume+2;hl =en;ei=9bx1TIyKA4W6sQOEqL2hDQ;sa=X;oi=book_result;ct=result;resnum=2;ved=0CDAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage;q;f=fa lse

Novel Eu3+-doped Garnet-tpye Tellurate Red-emitting Phosphor

Novel Eu3+-doped Garnet-tpye Tellurate Red-emitting Phosphor A novel Eu3+-doped garnet-tpye tellurate red-emitting phosphor with high thermal stability and color purity Introduction The garnet-related family Li3Ln3Te2O12(Ln=Y, Pr, Nd, Sm-Lu) have been extensively studied as promising solid electrolytes for application in solid state rechargeable lithium-ion batteries for the last few decades [1-4]. In 2006, OCallaghan et al. developed garnet-type Li3Ln3Te2O12 (Ln = Y, Pr, Nd, Sm-Lu) to investigate the relationship between Li site occupation and Li ion conductivity [1]. The lattice constant increases with increasing Ln ionic radius in Li3Ln3Te2O12. These Li3Ln3Te2O12 garnets have exhibited a fairly low ionic conductivity of ∠¼10−5 S cm−1 at 600  °C with a high activation energy (>1 eV) [3]. In 2014, the crystal structures and conductivity data for the most of perspective Li-ion solid electrolytes based on garnet-type metal oxides have been recently reviewed by Thangadurai et al. [4]. Garnet host lattices are of considerable interest due to their wide applications as laser hosts and as phosphors for white light emitting diodes [5]. For example, trivalent rare earth doped Y3Al5O12 (YAG) is one of the widely used systems of compounds for solid state lighting applications. Meanwhile, some new garnet-type compound can be constructed based on the garnet structural model, such as the green-emitting Ca3Sc2Si3O12:Ce3+, the orange-emitting Lu2CaMg2(Si, Ge)3O12:Ce3+, and the green-emitting Ca2LaZr2Ga3O12:Ce3+phosphors [6]. Therefore, the development of phosphors based on garnet-type materials is of great interest. As an important activator, the europium ion is one of the most studied lanthanide activators because of its singular luminescence properties, exhibiting pure red emission transitions with a series of sharp lines arising from the excited state 5D0 to the lower energy state 7F0-6. Eu3+ ions exhibit pure magnetic and electric dipole transitions which make it a very s ensitive probe for the rare earth ion site structure/symmetry. 5D0→7F2 electric dipole (ED) transitions around 610 nm are highly hypersensitive, which is highly sensitive to the symmetry of the Eu3+ sites in the lattices; however, the magnetic dipole transitions (5D0→7F1) are not affected by the environment, and their emission intensities are often used as an internal standard [7]. However, luminescence properties of Eu3+-doped garnet-type Li3Gd3Te2O12 have not been studied yet. In this work, red emitting phosphors Li3Gd3(1-x)Eu3xTe2O12(x = 0.01-0.30) were synthesized by the conventional solid-state reaction. The structure, composition and photoluminescence properties of Li3Gd3Te2O12:Eu3+ phosphors were investigated. In addition, the luminescence quenching of Eu3+ doping concentration and CIE on the photoluminescence spectra were demonstrated in detail. 2. Experimental Procedure    The synthesis of Li3Gd3Te2O12 phosphors doped with Eu3+ ions was carried out via a high-temperature solid-state reaction method. Li2CO3 (99.99%), Gd2O3 (99.99%), TeO2 (99.9%), and Eu2O3 (99.99%) as raw materials, they were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich without further purification and thoroughly mixed in an agate mortar. The mixtures were sintered in air at 900 °C for 10 h. when the reaction was end at 900 °C, the products were cooled down to room temperature without cooling devices. Finally, white powers were obtained by grinding. The relevant reaction formulas are as follows: 3Li2CO3+3(1-x)Gd2O3 + 4TeO2 + 3xEu2O3 + 2O2 = 2Li3Gd3(1-x)Eu3xTe2O12+ 3CO2 The crystal structure of phosphors were characterized for phase formation by using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis with a Philips XPert MPD (Philips, Netherlands) with Cu KÃŽ ± radiation (ÃŽ » = 1.5418 Ã…). The diffraction patterns were scanned within angular range of 10-70ËÅ ¡(2ÃŽ ¸). The morphology and size of the phosphors were measured using a scanning electron microscope (SEM, JEOL JSM-6490). The photoluminescence (PL) and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra of the samples were analyzed using a Hitachi F-4600 spectrophotometer at room temperature. The temperature-dependent PL spectra of the phosphor were recorded in air on an Edinburgh FLS 920 spectrometer equipped with a 450 W Xe lamp. Results and discussion Li3Gd3Te2O12 belongs to the cubic crystal system, space group of Iad (No.230), in the structure of Li3Gd3Te2O12, Gd3+ and Te6+ cations occupy the 8- and 6-fold sites, and Li+ ions are located exclusively in the tetrahedral (24d) sites, respectively. As shown in Fig. 1, this structure can be considered to be formed from two interpenetrating, body-centered lattices composed of edge-shared distorted [GdO8] cubes [8, 9]. One of these frameworks composed of Gd (black sphere) and O (red sphere) is shown in Fig.1(b) along with selected polyhedra to illustrate the linkages between the [GdO8] units. Tellurium in the [TeO6] polyhedra is accommodated in an octahedral site that shares edges with an edge-linked [GdO8] dimer.   Fig. 2 shows the observed, calculated, and patterns of the Li3Gd2.55Te2O12:0.15Eu3+phosphors, confirmed from Rietveld analysis using GSAS software. The final refinement converged with weighted profile of χ2 = 1.086, Rp = 24.4à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ¦, and Rwp = 33.9à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ for Li3Gd2.55Te2O12:0.15Eu3+. It is clear that all the diffraction peaks of these samples are in good agreement with the pure Li3Gd3Te2O12 (JCPDS 22-0683) and no second phase can be found, indicating that each sample is purity phase and that the substitution of Gd3+ by Eu3+ do not significantly influence the crystal structure. Li3Gd3Te2O12 belongs to the cubic system, and the lattice parameters are calculated to be a = b = c = 12.41 Ã…, V = 1911.24 Ã…3, which are consistent with the literature [1]. As the similarity of valence and the ionic radii of Eu3+(r = 0.95 Ã…, CN = 8) is the closest to that of Gd3+(r = 0.94 Ã…, CN = 8), the doped Eu3+ is supposed to substitute for the Gd3+ sites [10].   SEM analysis was carried out to investigate the surface morphology and particle sizes of the synthesized phosphor powder. Fig. 3 shows the representative SEM images of two different concentrations of Li3Gd3Te2O12:xEu3+(a, x = 0.05; b, x = 0.20). It seemed as if these small spherical particles combined together to form big crystallites. The size of particles is found to be in micrometer dimension. Meanwhile, the result indicated that doping content of Eu3+ content in Li3Gd3Te2O12:xEu3+from 0.05 to 0.20 mol did not alter the particle size and agglomeration. The grain size of phosphors is important for their applications in commercial WLEDs. In general, for practical bepowdering applications, the phosphors with micron particles can feed well the commercial demand for WLEDs. Therefore, a long ball-milling step is required to break up the agglomerations and improve the quality of the phosphor powder. Figure 4 shows the excitation spectra of Li3Gd2.55Te2O12:0.15Eu3+ monitored at 613 nm emission (5D0→7F2) at room temperature. The broad band of 200-300 nm (No.1) centered at around 275 nm is called as charge transfer (CT) band which is ascribed to the charge-transfer state (CTS) transition of O2−→Eu3+ ions. The position of this band mightily relies on the host lattice. A sequence of sharp excitation bands(Nos.2-11)between 300 and 500 nm was attributable to the intra-configurational 4f-4f transitions of Eu3+ in the matrix, namely,7F0 to 5FJ, 5H6, 5H3, 5D4, 5L8, 5G3, 5G2, 5L6, 5D3, and 5D2at wavelengths300, 314, 321, 364, 368, 381, 386, 396, 419 and 466 nm respectively [11]. The strongest absorption band located at approximately 396 nm occurred from the 7F0→5L6 transition of Eu3+ ions. A suitable red-emitting ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV-LED) phosphor should exhibit an absorption of around 400 nm (LED excitation wavelength). Obviously, the Li3Gd3Te2O1 2:Eu3+phosphor has a potential value for white lighting device. Upon 396 nm excitation, the PL emission spectrum of the Li3Gd3Te2O12:Eu3+phosphors was measured as presented in Fig. 5. Clearly, the PL emission spectrum was dominated by a strong red emission with a center of about 613 nm due to the 5D0 →7F2 transition. Meanwhile, there also existed some relatively weak excitation peaks at 570, 596, 655 and 709 nm which are attributed to the 4f-4f transitions of Eu3+ ions from the excited state of 5D0 to 7F0, 7F1, 7F3 and 7F4, respectively. Generally, the local symmetry of Eu3+ site in the crystal lattice can be mostly reflected by Eu3+ emission profile. When Eu3+ ion occupies a crystallographic site with inversion symmetry, its magnetic-dipole 5D0→7F1 orange emission is dominant, while the electric dipole 5D0 →7F2 red emission dominates when possessing the non-centrosymmetrical site [12]. Thus, the I0-2/I0-1 emission ratio can be used in lanthanide-based systems as a probe for the local surroundings of a cation. As shown in Fig . 5, in comparison with that of the 5D0→7F1transition, the emission intensity of the 5D0→7F2 transition was much stronger, and the I0-2/I0-1 ratio was about 4.84. They demonstrated that the Eu3+ ions occupied the low symmetry sites with non-inversion centers in Li3Gd3Te2O12 host lattice. This ratio value is larger in comparison with those of the other Eu3+-doped phosphors. This larger ratio is favorable to improve the red color purity. The intensity of luminescence in phosphors is usually affected by the variation in concentration of activators. Dependence of PL emission intensity of Li3Gd3Te2O12:Eu3+ phosphors on dopant concentration can be seen in Fig. 6. None of wavelength shift or peak was observed for a new site at high Eu3+ concentrations. The emission intensity of the phosphor initially increases up to 15 mol%. The maximum intensity is observed at 15 mol% and after this it starts decreasing. The decrease in the emission intensity is due to concentration quenching effect. The concentration quenching of luminescence is observed when the energy transfer from one activator to another. Blasse has pointed out that if the activator is introduced solely on Z ion sites, xc is the critical concentration, N is the number of Z ions in the unit cell and V is the volume of the unit cell, then there is on the average one activator ion per V/xcN [13]. The critical transfer distance (Rc) is approximately equal to twice the radius of a sphere with this volume: The critical transfer distance of the centerEu3+ in Li3Gd3Te2O12:Eu3+ phosphor by taking the appropriate values of V, N, and xc (1911.24 Ã…3, 8, and 0.15, respectively) is 14 Ã…. The intensity of multipolar interaction can be determined from the change in the emission intensity. The emission intensity is related to the emitting level which has the multipolar interaction. The emission intensity (I) per activator ion is given by the formula [14]: where χ is the activator concentration; Q is a constant of multipolar interaction and equals 3, 6, 8, or 10 for the nearest-neighbor ions, dipole-dipole, dipole-quadrupole or quadrupole-quadrupole interaction, respectively; and K and ÃŽ ² are constants under the same excitation condition for the given host crystal [14, 15]. Then we use this equation to fit the experimental results of the relationship between integrated emission intensity and Eu3+ concentration. The curve of lgI/x vs. lgx in Li3Gd3Te2O12: Eu3+ phosphor based on Fig. 6 is shown in Fig. 7. The figure clearly shows that the relation between lgI/x and lgx is approximately linear and the slope is about -1.0. The Q value calculated based on the linear fitting using Eq. (2) is 3.0. This finding indicates that the concentration quenching of the Eu3+-site emission centers is caused by the energy transfer around the nearest-neighbor ions in the Li3Gd3Te2O12:Eu3+ phosphor. The similar phenomenon has been reported in the Sr1. 7Zn0.3CeO4: Eu3+ phosphor [16]. Both the maintenance of the chromaticity and brightness of white light output are favored by a lower-temperature quenching in the solid-state lighting application. Figure 8 represents the temperature-dependent PL spectra of Li3Gd3Te2O12: Eu3+ excited at 396 nm from 300 K to 460 K. The PL intensity almost unchanged with increase of temperature from 300 K to 460 K. The temperature dependence of the integrated emission intensities normalized at the 300 K value. The sample remained at about 82% of the intensity measured at room temperature, even the sample was heated to 420 K (the temperature at which LEDs typically operate). The thermal quenching temperature T50, the temperature at the 50% emission intensity, was above 500 K for Li3Gd3Te2O12:Eu3+. The Eu3+-activated Li3Ba2Gd3(MoO4)8 red phosphor shows lower quenching temperature and only remain 60% of the room temperature emission intensity at 200  °C. The good thermal quenching performance is similar with K2Ba5Si12O30:Eu2+, BaTiF6:Mn 4+, Sr3Lu0.2(PO4)3:0.8Eu3+phosphor [18-20]. Furthermore, the emission wavelengths showed no shift with increasing temperature. The small decrease in the emission intensity and good color purity stability at higher temperature indicates that the phosphor Li3Gd3Te2O12:Eu3+ has good thermal stability and can serve a potential red emitting phosphor for white LEDs. In order to clarify the thermal quenching behavior and to calculate the activation energy, the Arrhenius equation is fitted to the thermal quenching data of Li3Gd3Te2O12:Eu3+ [21]: Where I0 means the initial intensity at room temperature, I(T) means the intensity at   temperature T, c is a constant, k is Boltzmanns constant (8.62 10−5eV/K), and Eais the activation energy for the thermal quenching process fitted with the thermal quenching data. The inset in Figure 9 plots ln[(I0/I)−1] versus 1/T for Li3Gd3Te2O12:Eu3+. Linear regression showed that the thermal activation energy Ea for quenching was calculated to be ~ 0.22 eV. The thermal quenching of the emission intensity of Eu3+-activated phosphors was due to the excited electrons easily jumping into the CTS band after absorbing thermal energy at high temperatures, which the probability of non-radiative transition may increase. Thus, the emission intensity of Eu3+-activated phosphors decreased with increased temperature [22, 23].    The emission spectra of Li3Gd3Te2O12:0.15Eu3+ and commercial Y2O3:Eu3+ excited at 396 nm were then compared in Fig. 10. Remarkably, the integral emission intensity of Li3Gd3Te2O12:0.15Eu3+ was 3.03 times than that of Y2O3:Eu3+. The CIE chromaticity coordinates of the phosphors were calculated to be (0.642, 0.332) for Li3Gd3Te2O12:0.15Eu3+ according to its PL spectra, which are shown in the CIE 1931 chromaticity diagram in the insets of Fig. 10. It was found that the CIE coordinates of the present red phosphor are more close to those of the NTSC standard CIE chromaticity coordinate values for red (0.67, 0.33) standard value, which is better than those of the commercial red phosphors Y2O3:Eu3+ (0.49, 0.32) [24] and Y2O2S:Eu3+ (0.65, 0.36) [25]. Furthermore, to better understand the red emission of the Eu3+-activated Li3Gd3Te2O12 phosphors, the color purity was calculated according to the following expression described by Fred Schubert [26]: where (x, y) denotes the CIE coordinate of the synthesized compounds, (xi, yi) presents the color coordinate of the white illumination and the (xd, yd) is the color coordinates of the dominant wavelength. The dominant wavelength point can be calculated from the intersection of the connecting line between the equal energy point and the sample point. The color purity of Li3Gd3Te2O12:0.15Eu3+ (0.642, 0.332) phosphors is determined to be around 92.6%. This indicates high color purity and excellent chromaticity coordinate characteristics. The inset image in Fig. 10 shows that strong red emission was observed with the naked eyes when Li3Gd3Te2O12:0.15Eu3+is under a 365 nm UV lamp. Conclusion A novel garnet-type red-emitting phosphor Li3Gd3Te2O12:Eu3+ was prepared by the convenient solid-state reaction. The excitation and emission spectra and the dependence of luminescence on temperature were studied. The excitation spectra indicate that this phosphor can be effectively excited by near-UV light, which matches the emission wavelength of near-UV-LED chips well. The phosphor shows intense red emission, which has a high quenching temperature and can keep a stable color purity with elevated temperature. The optimum dopant concentration of Eu3+ ions in Li3Gd3Te2O12:Eu3+ was around 15 mol%, and the critical transfer distance of Eu3+ was calculated to be 14 Ã…. The concentration quenching is probably caused by the energy transfer among the nearest-neighbor ions in the Li3Gd3Te2O12:Eu3+ phosphor. Because of its good excitation profile and stable luminescence properties at high temperature, Eu3+-doped Li3Gd3Te2O12 phosphors are a potential red phosphors for NUV chip-based WLEDs and display devices.

The Courage and Strength in All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Mar

The Courage and Strength in All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque As I enter my last week as a twenty-year-old, I find myself nostalgically looking back on the past two decades while wondering what life has in store for me over the next two. Where will I be in twenty years? What will I have accomplished? Where will I be living? Will I be married? Have chil†¦ wait a minute, no, that one will have to wait a few more years. These questions have all passed through my mind at one point or another over the last few weeks, but I realize that they are really quite a luxury. Paul, the narrator of Erich Maria Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front, never had the opportunity to lean back from his desk and daydream about what the next twenty years of his life had in store for him. He was busy dodging bullets and artillery shells, trying to stay alive on Germany’s Western Front during World War I. Paul and I are united on the grounds of age and nothing more, yet somehow, while following him through his service in the War, I feel connected to him. After finishing the novel, I ruminated on this idea for some time and eventually came to the conclusion that the connection I feel with Paul is a mixture of empathy and envy. I empathize with him because he put down the pen and took up the rifle in service of his country, just as I would do if called upon. I envy him because he exudes the qualities of a brilliant soldier, meticulous narrator, and man of faith even in times of mortal danger, especially in times of mortal danger. In the midst of the worst bombardment he has yet to face, Paul shines his brightest by illuminating in vivid detail not only the hellish onslaught unfolding around him, but also the intr... ...helling becomes a wonderfully connected verse of one soldier’s struggle to preserve himself against all odds. What more can be said about Paul? Soldier, narrator, believer, he is the embodiment of each, and would not be complete as one or two without being the third. I do not envy his situation, but rather his ability. I hope I never have to experience the modern-day equivalent of his service, but I admire the courage and strength he pours into duty. Seeing what he went through makes me wonder if my generation would be capable of standing up to fight if we were called upon as he was. Would we persevere as he did? Would I? I believe the answer is yes and that is why I empathize with him nearly a century later: as one young man to another. Works Cited Remarque, Erich Maria. All Quiet on the Western Front. Trans. A.W. Wheen. New York: Ballantine, 1982.

Educational Research Methods Essay

It is the research method conducted by subject teachers, course teachers and other schools staff side by side with their teaching. It is becoming increasingly popular as it encouragers to evaluate new methods in their work and study which is highly acceptable by all. It is the methods by which change can be noted and helps in understand the reaction of at one time, with action and critical reflection taking place. It is special type of research in education which mostly emphasize on continuous improvement in the field of teaching. There are three main goals of action research such as improvement of practice through continuous learning and problem solving, deep understanding of practice and development of action, improvement in the community through research. This research helps to gather detail information about the organization, vision and insight, a quest of new knowledge, a desired of improved performance, a self- reflective activity and willingness of effect change. It is basically conducted to discover plan for innovation and their successful implementation. It provides practical way of looking at owns work to check its efficiency of work. The Action Research is used to determine efficiency of study material, teaching techniques, classroom response and with their interest. There are numbers of outcomes of implementation of action research. Such as: †¢ Greater risk taking among the students and teachers helps them to identify new ways in their system. †¢ Comfort with inquiry and exploration creates increase comfort among the students. †¢ Greater direction in exploration helps to draw innovative techniques. Improved and broader questioning increases interest in the study of their subjects. †¢ Evidence of student self- evaluation can be immediately ascertained with the teaching in the class. †¢ Improved and extended science writing is the result of action research which helps tom explores their writing skills. †¢ Greater and broader interest in science is possible with the initiative of action research. The research results in increase in student interest, risk taking, questioning ability and comfort with teaching. For e. g.  If the teacher or researcher is worried or not satisfied with the current mind status of students or they are not doing well in class then the first question which arise in the mind of researcher is how to satisfy the need of all the students. So numbers of steps of action research can be adopted by the teacher to outcome result. Especial emphasis is made on listening to students and to better understand their needs. Then consideration should be given to set up community circle to listen to students describing learning experiences in classroom and helps to redesign strategies. During the course of listening researcher can discover information that focus on satisfaction of different user at a time. In other e. g. In an organization where peoples of diverse field are working requires more coordination. With the help of action research current problem â€Å"poor coordination† si ascertained. So after deep research and enquiry the researcher evolve new solution to problem such as creating database for storing and sharing and documents. They main Question which lies with the researcher is how to create healthy and fruitful relationship to increase coordination among them. The next step which is adopted by researcher is what kind of tactic to be employed to get the desired result. After integrating with all the employees at various stages and their suggestion which action is to be taken to increase coordination? Action Research helps in better understanding the situation being studied and also of participants directly involved in the process. This is considered vital in all the sphere as it generate collective action as well as develops participants skills through â€Å"learning by doing† to promote their self reliance. So, it can be said that action research provides opportunity for professional growth of researchers, to improve their practice, to examine findings in their own context. Action Research creates a sense of responsibility, development and improvement on the teacher and classroom. Builds up morale, and encourages collegial interactions.

To Err is Human by Lewis Thomas

Lewis Thomas' To Err is Human In the essay, â€Å"To Err is Human†, Lewis Thomas, begins by contrasting the supposed infallibility of computers with the human propensity for error. In the essay Lewis explains how we grow from our mistakes, he says â€Å"We are built to make mistakes, coded for error (306). Lewis uses persuasive elements to sway people into his point of view.Thomas writes that when computers make an error, they don't know what to do, but if a human makes an error we can adapt and make the necessary improvements to make the error better or get the right answer. Thomas states that computers are designed to be perfect, however, as we all know from personal experiences, computers sometimes do make mistakes.He then goes on to say that computers come do the same as humans, like when people make mistakes they learn from them, he said that if computers could do it they would be even more perfect then stated. Thomas uses the element of imagery to capture his readers in terest in the essay, by comparing a humans mind to a computer's workings, he goes on to state that a good bank or the government, has to run like a computer or a least somewhat, this connects the reader to something that goes on in everyday life and moves their live along.In this essay Thomas' intended it to make readers realize that an â€Å"error† is nothing to be worried about and it actually could be are greatest strength. His persuasive techniques and all of his powerful imagery and description make this essay persuade anyone to take his side and make it look like computers aren't really that perfect in the end.